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^ a b PP&A Messestand for polyester, polyamide and acrylate polymers; all of which are used to make synthetic fibers. Care should Beryllium taken not to confuse it with polyphthalamide (PPA) ^ a b Kohlenstoff d e

Plastics degrade by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually photo-oxidation. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' marine degradation takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris hinein certain environments.[54] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics hinein the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting hinein the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A.

Most plastics contain organic polymers.[10] The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many repeating units formed from monomers. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The backbone is the parte of the chain that is on the main path, linking together a large number of repeat units.

A number of additives identified as hazardous to humans and/or the environment are regulated internationally. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact rein the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate hinein the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment.[2]

Prior to the Montreal Protocol, CFCs had been commonly used rein the manufacture of the plastic polystyrene, the production of which had contributed to depletion of the ozone layer.

Plastics are produced hinein chemical plants by the polymerization of their starting materials (monomers); which are almost always petrochemical in nature. Such facilities are normally large and are visually similar to oil refineries, with sprawling pipework running throughout. The large size of these plants allows them to exploit economies of scale.

Some companies produce biodegradable additives to enhance biodegradation. Although starch powder can Beryllium added as a filler to allow some plastics to degrade more easily, such treatment does not lead to complete breakdown. Some researchers have genetically engineered bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB); however, these were still relatively costly as of 2021.[23]

Plasticity also has a technical definition rein materials science outside the scope of this article referring to the non-reversible change hinein form of solid substances.

While a finished plastic may Beryllium non-toxic, the monomers used in the manufacture of its parent polymers may be toxic. Rein some cases, small amounts of those chemicals can remain trapped in the product unless suitable processing is employed.

Rein 2023, plasticosis, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered hinein seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste.

Hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations that degrade rubber into a digestible form.[97]

Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.[92]

Plastics can be brittle, adding some plasticizer makes them more durable, adding lots makes them flexible

The compounding of thermosetting plastic is relatively straightforward; as it remains liquid until it is cured into its final form. For thermosoftening materials, which are used to make the majority of products, it is necessary to melt the plastic hinein order to Zusammenstellung bekannter melodien-rein the additives.

Almost all recycling is mechanical and involves the melting and reforming of plastic into other items. This can cause polymer degradation at the molecular level, and requires that waste Beryllium sorted by colour and polymer Durchschuss before processing, which is often complicated read more and expensive.